Monteverde Institute - blog

Education and research in a sustainable and peaceful community / Educación e investigación en una comunidad sostenible y pacífica - Monteverde, Costa Rica.

Monteverde Institute - Instituto Monteverde Main website: http://monteverde-institute.org ------- And we are on FACEBOOK

Monteverde abre su nuevo Laboratorio de Innovación Comunitaria

LABORATORIO DE
INNOVACIÓN
COMMUNITARIA

LINC

un programa nacional del Ministerio de Ciencia, innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT) de Costa Rica que crea espacios físicos abiertos a la comunidad, equipados con tecnología moderna como impresoras 3D, kits de robótica, drones y computadoras.

El objetivo principal es democratizar el acceso a la tecnología y ponerla en manos de la gente. Busca que las personas, especialmente los jóvenes y emprendedores, puedan usar estas herramientas para:

  • Aprender nuevas habilidades (como programación, diseño 3D, etc.).

  • Crear soluciones innovadoras para problemas locales (sociales, ambientales, económicos).

  • Emprender nuevos proyectos o negocios, impulsando el desarrollo de su propia comunidad.

Funciona a través de alianzas entre el gobierno (MICITT), las municipalidades y una organización local anfitriona, como en este caso es el Instituto Monteverde.


Monteverde abre su nuevo Laboratorio de Innovación Comunitaria

  • Los Laboratorios de Innovación Comunitaria (LINC) se encuentran en todas las provincias del país.

  • Inversión en este LINC es superior a los 30 millones de colones.

Puntarenas, miércoles 17 de setiembre de 2025. Con el objetivo de poner la tecnología al servicio de las comunidades, y convertirlas en un catalizador para construir sociedades más justas y resilientes, el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT) inauguró este miércoles 17 de setiembre un nuevo Laboratorio de Innovación Comunitaria (LINC) en la provincia de Puntarenas.


El nuevo LINC de Monteverde es un proyecto promovido por la Municipalidad y estratégicamente ubicado en el Instituto Monteverde, gracias a una alianza interinstitucional. Este espacio, el segundo en la provincia de Puntarenas, permitirá a la comunidad impulsar el desarrollo económico y social mediante la inclusión digital, la creatividad y la innovación local.


“Llegar a cada provincia de Costa Rica con este programa se convirtió en uno de nuestros propósitos. Porque queremos que cada LINC se convierta en una plataforma para articular proyectos, ideas y acciones con impacto social, económico, ambiental y cultural. Hoy se une Monteverde a esta transformación” acotó Orlando Vega, Viceministro de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación.


Con este nuevo LINC, ya son 17 los que se encuentran habilitados en todas las provincias del país. Estará equipado con nuevas computadoras, impresoras 3D, kits de robótica, pantalla plana, fresadora, ipad, impresora 3D, kit de dron educativo y máquina de coser plana, entre otros.


“La apertura del LINC Monteverde representa un hito para nuestro cantón. Desde la Municipalidad hemos apostado por construir un modelo de desarrollo que potencie el talento local, conecte a nuestra comunidad con la tecnología y promueva soluciones innovadoras con pertinencia territorial. Este laboratorio es fruto de un trabajo articulado con el Instituto Monteverde y demuestra que cuando las alianzas se gestionan con visión, los resultados se traducen en oportunidades concretas para nuestra gente” destacó el alcalde, Jeudy Ramírez.

El Programa LINC representa un esfuerzo significativo para integrar la innovación y el desarrollo sostenible en el tejido social y económico de las comunidades locales. Este programa busca establecer un marco colaborativo y participativo donde la innovación no solo sea un concepto abstracto, sino una realidad tangible que impacte positivamente en la vida cotidiana de los ciudadanos.

“El LINC-Monteverde sirve a las comunidades locales, con la juventud siendo el público meta principal. Se promueve la innovación que honra la naturaleza y busca en ella inspiración y se fomenta la diversificación económica. El Instituto Monteverde tiene 39 años de trabajar de forma colaborativa con la comunidad local y aliados académicos internacionales. Prototipar soluciones sostenibles a desafíos locales es un aspecto del trabajo del Instituto Monteverde que se verá potenciado con la apertura del LINC”, comentó Fern Perkins, Directora Ejecutiva del Instituto Monteverde.

Los LINC tienen un enfoque centrado en la persona que se enmarca en el desarrollo participativo, donde los miembros de una comunidad tienen un papel activo en la identificación y solución de sus propios problemas. Además, promueve la inclusión y cooperación, generando resultados tangibles que contribuyen al crecimiento y bienestar de la comunidad.

Se ofrecen capacitaciones sobre robótica, ciberseguridad, programación, análisis de big data, entre otros. A la fecha, más de 4.500 personas han recibido instrucción en procesos de innovación (70% son mujeres), mediante 450 procesos formativos y 4.000 horas de formación.

Contacto de prensa

MICITT (Noemy Coto / Antonieta Corrales)

Teléfono: 8774-7474 / Correo electrónico: comunicacion@micitt.go.cr

Instituto Monteverde (Eugenia Mesén)

Teléfono: 8937-8228 / correo electrónico: communications@mvinstitute.org

Dapples of sunlight dance along the ground, a reflection on connection to the forest

Dapples of sunlight dance along the ground, extending their grace from where you can only see glimpses of baby blue and white tufts. Layers upon layers of trees separate and surround you in every direction, until the distance is sloping forest and tangled branches.

Everywhere, bustles of emerald leaves shudder and sway with the wind's rhythm like rushing water. A thin cocoon of sound that encompasses all its residents beneath the canopy, and refreshes its visitors. So endless is the rocking drone of crickets that it nearly escapes ones' notice, when enraptured by the high squeaks and melodic repetitions of bird calls.

The soil, littered with fallen leaves of faded mud and pale suns feels welcoming and unknown, as your soles sink into muted plums. All along the path are thick splintered logs speckled with thin mushroom caps, crawling with patches of nearly neon algae, that turns blue in the shade.

Has the world always been this rich, escaping your notice?

With every step your breath steadies and your eyes wander, to the vegetation that was once nameless, now particular in its shape and potential, and to the deep groves engraved in the bark and what that might mean, if anything at all. Here, everything has a purpose not a designation. Whether it lives for a day or for years, removing any piece could rock the foundations. Everything is precious.

You wish you had all the time in the world, to remind yourself that this lasts only for an instant, as if you could swallow it all with one breath and carry it in your lungs until the day you die, and return to it all. Yet just like the setting sun you let go to go on living, exhaling as is your natural design.

Now a mother weaves glistening strands to ensnare the unsuspecting, a beak gapes while its throat thrums and vibrates with instinct and evolution, a line of dark ants marches across the thickly woven roots as a midnight speckled bird observes, its pitch black eyes reflecting the midday sun.

This is only what you know, what you have been taught or will learn, what you can quickly guess, and hopefully savor. The beauty is that this never ends as long as there are good people in this world and there will always be.

— Zuleima Noriega (Carnegie Mellon University)

Me llamo Zuleima Noriega y estoy estudiando Relacciones Internationales y Estudios Hispanicos. Estoy estudiando eso para trabajar en diplomacia.

Escribir siempre ha sido una gran parte de mi vida y una buena manera de conectarme con el mundo. Cuando no es fácil vivir el momento y ver todos los ricos detalles, escribir me ayudó a apreciar lo hermoso que es Monteverde y la experiencia única de estar en un entorno tan rico.

Expats y el español: un choque cultural

These changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes

Nothing remains quite the same

Through all of the islands and all of the highlands

If we couldn’t laugh, we would all go insane.

Jimmy Buffet

Diferentes países en América Latina son los destinos favoritos de muchos “expats” de todo el mundo, están en búsqueda de la esperanza de un estilo de vida diferente o más tranquilo, especialmente en las sociedades modernas que avanzan vertiginosamente sin detenerse mientras en el camino vamos dejando de lado a nuestras familias, amigos y a nosotros mismos.

Mudarse a un destino latinoamericano implica que los extranjeros deben navegar por un sistema cultural y lingüístico nuevo para ellos (Spencer, 2008) y reconfigurar sus vidas en nuevos espacios culturales, paradójicamente, es, a su vez, una gran barrera, especialmente cuando no puede comunicarse con las personas del país anfitrión.

Para estas personas y sus familias, la información en ambas direcciones y la comunicación frecuente son tanto o más relevantes como que el resto, ya que, según Anthony-Newman (2020) están condicionadas por la falta de información (creencias sobre la implicación, contextos de vida, percepciones sobre las invitaciones que reciben), con los hijos en las escuelas (edad, dificultades de aprendizaje, talentos…), relacionales (agendas, lenguaje utilizado) y sociales (cuestiones históricas, demográficas, políticas y económicas).

Encontrarse en el país enfrenta al extranjero ante pros y contras, que, generalmente, funcionan como dos caras de una misma moneda, un ejemplo claro y cotidiano es el lema Pura Vida, la historia político-social y lingüística de esta tan conocida frase costarricense es motivo de otro artículo, dicha frase, simboliza el estilo de vida relajado y tranquilo del país, disminuye la distancia social entre dos personas y refleja un grado de familiaridad y confianza (Trester, 2003), sin embargo hay un giro significativo cuando hay una tarea que terminar, a menudo, escuchará a los ticos y expatriados locales decir “mañana”.

No hay duda de que la naturaleza abundante con muchas criaturas de todas las formas y tamaños es una gran ventaja, un destino turístico próspero que abre oportunidades de trabajo para los expatriados que se establezcan; el clima cálido y húmedo es perfecto para aquellos que están escapando del frío también lo es para cultivar frutas y verduras de gran variedad, no es lo mismo comerse un mango que se cosechó recientemente a uno exportado.

Es posible que por estas y otras ventajas los inmigrantes vienen a vivir a Costa Rica y esperan que al cambiar su latitud de existencia también se cambien sus actitudes ante la vida (Spencer, 2008).

Sin embargo, el idioma, es una situación, que para muchos, puede ser estresante, no poder comunicarse ni darse a entender puede ser la diferencia entre una buena o mala experiencia en el país. Al no entender el contexto o estar sometido a cambios constantes la persona puede experimentar un fuerte sentimiento de desorientación conocido como “choque cultural”, al entrar en contacto con una serie de elementos relacionados con el carácter, el contexto o las experiencias asociadas al cambio de cultura, especialmente si la barrera lingüística se ha ensanchado y le impide establecer una comunicación efectiva.

No se trata únicamente de un tema lingüístico: la incomodidad también depende del conocimiento que se tenga del contexto cultural del país de acogida y del nuevo contexto en el que se vive. Esto también puede dañar algunos hábitos, desde los más sencillos, como puede ser salir, a los más delicados, como en el caso del cuidado de la salud psicológica y física (Carboniero, 2024).

Para enfrentarse de una mejor manera y poder aprovechar el tiempo, el lugar y la experiencia cultural una persona no hispanohablante puede:

  • Tomar un curso del idioma antes de marchar al nuevo país o a su llegada, entre más rápido empiece el proceso es mejor, aunque no tenga un conocimiento perfecto del idioma ya que necesitaría años de práctica, puede ayudarle a entender algunos conceptos básicos para una comunicación simple o poder aproximarse a la cultura.

  • Cambiar el idioma de sus dispositivos ya que muchas personas pasan bastante tiempo en sus teléfonos o en computadoras, de esta manera podría comenzar a aprender el idioma de forma pasiva, también le ayudará a aumentar su vocabulario.

  • Evitar el uso de la lengua materna, aunque pueda parecer difícil al principio, poco a poco las personas irán escuchando e incluyendo en su repertorio lingüístico vocabulario de uso diario que escuchó de manera espontánea.

  • Aprovechar los libros, las películas y la música, cualquier contenido que se consuma en el idioma meta es muy eficaz para ayudar y mejorar la comprensión oral, auditiva y el vocabulario.

  • Apuntarse en actividades culturales, los pasatiempos son las actividades más amenas para practicar un idioma. Apuntarse en algún deporte, algún estudio de arte, literatura, clases de cocina, clubs de conversación, además de conocer gente nueva que pasa por el mismo proceso o gente local, va a mejorar todas sus habilidades lingüísticas: escucha, habla, lectura. Estas actividades le incitarán más a practicar el idioma y además utilizar un vocabulario que seguro ya conozca.

  • Mudarse a otro país, a otra cultura y con una lengua diferente puede ser retador, pero es importante no tener miedo, hablar en otro idioma, no tener vergüenza, aprender cada día un poco más y vivir una gran experiencia.

Expats and Spanish: a culture shock

These changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes

Nothing remains quite the same

Through all of the islands and all of the highlands

If we couldn’t laugh, we would all go insane.

Jimmy Buffet

Diverse Latin American countries are the favorite destination for many expats from all around the world, who, hopefully, seek for a different or more tranquil lifestyle. Since modern societies rush forward without a pause, we get the feeling that we put aside family, friends and even ourselves.

Moving to a Latin American destination forces foreigners to navigate through a new linguistic and cultural system thoroughly new to them (Spencer, 2008), and so, many of them require reconfiguring their lives according to the new cultural setting. Paradoxically, this also becomes an obstacle for them as well, especially when they can not communicate with the host population.

For these people and their families, information in both ways and frequent communication are so relevant as any other aspect, since, and according to Anthony-Newman (2020), expats are conditioned by the lack of information (cultural notions, life contexts, perceptions concerning the invitations they receive), their children attending school (age, learning difficulties, talent…), relations (agenda, language being used), and social situations (historical, demographic, political and economical aspects).

To find themselves in a spanish-speaking country faces foreigners with certain pros and cons, that generally, work as a two-faced coin. A clear example and a usual case of this is the Pura Vida motto. The socio-political and linguistic history of this well-known phrase could be the subject for another article. Nonetheless, such a phrase symbolizes the relaxed and easygoing lifestyle of the country and it decreases the social distance between people as well as showing a certain degree of familiarity and trust (Trester, 2003). However, there is a meaningful turn when it comes to completeing a task, oftentimes ticos and expats can be heard saying “mañana”, and frequently that tomorrow never comes. For this reason, people’s plans are never completed or take longer than expected.

No doubt abundant nature along with many creatures of all sizes and shapes is a great advantage. A prosperous touristic destination that is open to job opportunities for expats to settle as well as a warm and humid climate are perfect for those who are fleeing the cold.

These very same conditions are excellent for growing a great variety of fruits and vegetables. It is not the same to taste a mango recently harvested than one that was exported.

Possibly, it is for these advantages and many others that immigrants come to live in Costa Rica and expect that by changing latitudes, their attitude towards life changes as well (Spencer, 2008).

Nevertheless, language is a situation that, for many, can be very stressful: not being able to communicate or make themselves understood can be the difference between a good or bad experience in the country. By not being able to understand or being under constant change, a person may experience a strong sentiment of disorientation known as “cultural shock”.

This happens when getting in contact with a series of elements related to character, context or experiences linked to the culture change, in particular if the linguistic barrier has become wider and an obstacle to establish an efficient communication. It is not only about a linguistic issue. Uneasiness also depends on the knowledge one has about the cultural context of the welcoming country and of the new context in which one is living. This can also damage some habits, from going out to something more delicate such as taking care of the psychological and physical health (Carboniero, 2024).

To deal with the aforementioned issues and take advantage of time, place and the cultural experience, a non spanish-speaking person may:

  • Take a language course before leaving the new country or upon arrival, the sooner you start the process the better, even if you don’t have a perfect knowledge of the language as it would take years of practice. It can help you understand some basic concepts for simple communication or being able to get closer to the culture.

  • Change the language of your devices as many people spend a lot of time on their phones or computers, this way you could start learning the language passively, it will also help you increase your vocabulary.

  • Avoid the use of the mother tongue, although it may seem difficult at first, little by little people will listen and include everyday vocabulary that they heard spontaneously in their linguistic repertoire.

  • Take advantage of books, movies and music, any content that is consumed in the target language is very effective in helping and improving oral and listening comprehension and vocabulary.

  • Participate in cultural activities, hobbies are the most enjoyable activities to practice alanguage. Signing up for a sport, an art studio, and literature, cooking classes, conversation clubs, as well as meeting people who are going through the same process as you, or meeting local people, will improve your language skills: listening, speaking, reading. These activities will encourage you more to practice the language and also use vocabulary that you probably already know.

  • Moving to another country, another culture and with a different language can be challenging, but it is important not to be afraid to speak another language, not to be ashamed to learn a little bit more everyday and live a great experience.

    Referencias | References

    Spencer, T. (2008). GRINGO TO TICO AND EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN: EXAMINING THE HYBRID SPACES U.S. EXPATRIATES CREATE IN COSTA RICA. The University of Oklahoma ProQuest Dissertations  and; Theses,  2008. 3304233.

    Trester - L. Sayahi (2003). Bienvenidos a Costa Rica, la tierra de la pura vida: A Study of the Expression pura vida;in the Spanish of Costa Rica. Universidad de New York.

    Raccuia, K. (2020). Abroad at Christmas as an Expat: Finding New Ways to Celebrate. Garreta, J., Llevot-Calvet, N. (2022) Escuela y familias de origen extranjero.

    Canales y barreras a la comunicación en la educación primaria. Universidad de Lleida, España.

Three-wattled Bellbirds (Procnias tricarunculatus): Research Updates

By:

Monteverde Institute Interns (2022): Garrett Higgins, Jordan Slayden, and Annie Hageman

Roberto Vargas, Bioacoustic Sound Researcher, University for Peace, UNED

Debra Hamilton, Principal Investigator, Monteverde Institute Research Affiliate

Picture credit: Russ Kumai

The Central American endemic Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus; hereafter bellbird) is a promiscuous, migratory frugivore. Currently listed as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List, bellbirds travel to the Monteverde region to follow the fruiting of trees in the Lauraceae family. Their migration cycle brings them from the Caribbean region of southeastern Nicaragua to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, to the Atlantic Slope of the Tilarán Mountains, and across the continental divide to the cliff edge region of Monteverde during their breeding and post-reproduction season (Powell & Bjork 2004). In Monteverde, males claim and defend territories by calling three to four times a minute for most of the daylight hours with blaring calls that can be heard extensively from distinct high or under-canopy perches.

Not only do bellbirds play a crucial role in their ecosystem as key seed dispersers of wild avocados, but they also help to support Monteverde’s community. In 2005, 28% of the area’s annual income from tourism was derived from ecotourists arriving to see quetzals and bellbirds, totaling approximately $17,539,200 (Allen et al. 2008).

Past research

Since Barbara Snow’s groundbreaking study in 1974, there has been a rich history of bellbird research in the Monteverde region (Snow 1977).  Local researchers George Powell and Michael Fogden first perceived a decline in bellbird calls near the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in the late 1980’s. Powell, a key leader of conservation in the Monteverde zone, formed the first bellbird investigative group including Carlos Guindon, Robin Bjork, Vicente Espinoza, Danilo Brenes, Debra Hamilton, Victorino Molina, Koki Porras, Pedro Bosques, and volunteers. They sought to learn about the bellbird’s local habitat use and migration patterns. Carlos Guindon documented bellbird activity throughout forests of the region to show the importance of these fragmented habitats in a mosaic of farmland (C. Guindon dissertation).

In 1997, Hamilton, Molina, Bosques, and Powell completed a thorough investigation of the species’ status in Costa Rica and Panama (Hamilton et al. 2003) and concluded that the lack of habitat on the Pacific slopes of both countries was the cause of the bird’s decline. This finding led to the formation of the Fundación Conservacionista Costarricense in 1998, an organization that protects and restores habitat. Organized censuses (Figure 1) were led by the team and carried out with the collaboration of interns (McCullogh, Duca, Hageman, Higgins, and Slayden: 2013, 2016, 2022), guides from the Asociación de Guias de Monteverde (Table 1 -1997-2010), and volunteers. The Tropical Science Center and Unión de Ornitólogos have regional census data post 2010 which was not incorporated into this study but merits attention regarding long-term population trends. Hamilton, Rhine Singleton, and J. Deveraux Joslin further investigated the tracking of fruit resources for the bellbird in a six-year study and concluded that no single species of tree provides sufficient forage consistently for bellbirds since these species don’t produce fruit each year (Hamilton et al. 2018). Four of the more than 36 fruits eaten by the bellbirds during the months of June to August are of special importance: Ocotea monteverdensis, O. floribunda, Damburneya salicina, and Myrsianthes “black fruit”.

Figure 1. Results of annual bellbird census, Monteverde (see participant list in Appendix A).

2022 Research

            We researched bellbirds from May to August in the Monteverde region to document male bellbird territories and to analyze patterns and longevity of site use. We compared our findings to those sites documented by Barbara Snow (1974 results) and the censuses of 1997-2010. Using standardized census methods that followed the previous work, we surveyed four routes amounting to 12 transects in the upper Monteverde sector (11.5 km2) that included the Snow study area (underestimated in her article, we believe, as 5 km2). We recorded visual and auditory observations of individual bellbirds, including sex, age (adult, juvenile, or immature), percentage of adult plumage, calls per minute, dialect, presence of bands, perch height, and behavior. We analyzed the full collection of census data to discern patterns in bellbird use of transect area, determine territory locations, and study the staging of adult and non-adult bellbirds from April to July in order to define post-reproductive shifts in habitat use and territory infringement. We described known territories using a variety of detailed physical measurements including territory area, topographic information, forest strata, fruit availability, and perch characteristics. These measurements confirmed many of Barbara Snow’s territory descriptions from 1974 and added further detail.

We conducted three behavioral studies at three known territories for approximately four continuous hours each where we noted perch changes, calls, interactions, and other behaviors. In addition, the research team utilized bioacoustics to better understand the impact of bellbird auditory boundaries and the role they play in holding territories. We recorded audio of four individual calling bellbirds using a Zoom H5 recorder with a directional capsule and windshield at 0, 20, 100, 200, and 300 m from the advertising perch. We then analyzed the recordings using Raven Sound Analysis to obtain the approximated maximum distance bellbird calls (both Talamancan and Monteverde dialects) carry in forested and open landscapes.

Results of the 2022 Research

In total, we confirmed 19 actively held territories in the approximately 11.5 km2 study area in the southwestern end of Monteverde (Figure 2). We confirmed previous evidence that eight territories have been occupied since 1974 (>48 years!) and an additional nine bellbird territories have been in use since at least 1999, when they were first documented in the 1997-1999 census work. At least five territories have been abandoned since 1997 or 2010.

The size of this study was restricted for comparison purposes with Snow’s 1974 work. We believe that there are several more territories that merit further study in this region, as well in other sectors of Monteverde, which we plan to revisit in 2023. 

Figure 2. Map depicting Three-Wattled Bellbird territories in the Monteverde Region.

The March-May season is followed by an intense post-reproduction period where juveniles and non-territory holding males exert enormous challenges to territory holding males. This activity may serve as a key training opportunity for immature bellbird calling, elaborate territory defense routines, as well as dialect establishment. For promiscuous and lekking bird species, post-reproductive behavior may provide important insights regarding their reproductive strategies and the corresponding conservation measures to direct appropriate habitat restoration, linkages, and protections.

We are reporting our findings and those of almost 30 years of research. The 2023 season will provide the opportunity to finalize this work by answering the few specific questions that remain unanswered. We look forward to sending our next report.

Literature Cited (articles available at the MVI digital library or by request to debrahamiltonmv@gmail.com)

Allen, B., L. Lines, D. Hamilton.  2008. The economic importance of extending habitat                                    protection beyond park boundaries:  a case study from Costa Rica.  The George Wright                   Forum, Vol .25, No. 1: 30-35.

Guindon, C. 1997.  The importance of forest fragments to the maintenance of regional

  biodiversity surrounding a tropical montane reserve, Costa Rica. PhD Dissertation, Yale

 University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Hamilton, D., V. Molina, P.Bosques and G. Powell.  2003. El estatus del pájaro campana                                 (Procnias tricarunculata): Un ave en peligro de extinción Zeledonia 7: 15-24.

Hamilton, D., R. Singleton, and J.D. Joslin.  2018.  Resource tracking and its conservation               implications for an obligate frugivore (Procnias tricarunculatus, the tree-wattled bellbird).      Biotropica. 1-11 2018 DOI: 10.1111/btp.12502

Kroodsma, D., D. Hamilton, J. Sanchez, B.Byers, G.Fandino, D.Stemple, J.Trainor, G.Powell.                   2012. Behavioral evidence for song learning in the Suboscine bellbirds (Procnias spp.;                    Cotingidae). Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125: 1-14.  DOI: 10.2307/41932830   *Edward’s Prize 2013

Powell G.V.N., Bjork, R.D. 2004. Habitat Linkages and the Conservation of Tropical                                    Biodiversity as Indicated by Seasonal migration of Three-wattled bellbirds. Conservation                     Biology 18:500-509.

Saranathan V., D. Hamilton, G.V.N. Powell, D. Kroodsma, R. Prum. 2007. Genetic evidence                     supports song learning in the three-wattled bellbird Procnias tricarunculata (Cotingidae).               Molecular Ecology. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03415.x

Appendix A. List of bellbird census workers 1997 – 2009